KONTRIBUSI SISTEM AMONG TERHADAP INKLUSI SOSIAL: STUDI KASUS DI SD TAMANSISWA YOGYAKARTA

Abstract

THE AMONG SYSTEM'S CONTRIBUTION TO SOCIAL INCLUSION: CASE
STUDY AT TAMANSISWA YOGYAKARTA ELEMENTARY SCHOOL

Tamansiswa’s among system is a unique teaching model. The teaching model belongs to the
family of non-directive. In practice, the among system is founded on Tamansiswa's philosophy
and belief about the development of students’ knowledge and character, allowing them to be free
to explore their surroundings. So far, the among system has helped to establish both theoretical
and practical frameworks for social inclusion. However, the among system has received little
attention because it is only used in private schools, which the community considers to be less
legitimate. This study aims to investigate the why and how among system contributes to social
inclusion. In-depth interviews, participatory observation, recording, and anecdotal notes were
used to collect data, which was subsequently validated via triangulation. Data were then analyzed
following the procedure introduced by Miles. Based on this analysis, the following important
findings are highlighted: (a) the among system promotes Gender Equality and Social Inclusion
(GESI), (b) the among system prioritizes the fulfillment of children’s rights to receive adequate
education and development services over academic knowledge, and (c) the among system
employs the humanism-constructivism paradigm (avoiding behaviorism). Practically, this
foundation is manifested by the teacher by making friends with students based on the norms of
politeness, respecting the child’s natural traits, and supervising the child in exercising his or her
freedom (both freedom of thought, speech, and action). The findings of this study have
significance for the necessity for the adoption of the among system in social studies course in
order to develop social studies learning that is based on genuine experiences in a social
environment (contextual). This study's findings also contribute to the development of core
concepts for implementing the Fun School Movement, culture-based schools, and schools for
children with special needs.

Sistem among merupakan suatu model pengajaran yang khas perguruan Tamansiswa. Model
pengajaran tersebut termasuk dalam rumpun model pengajaran non direktif. Dalam praktiknya,
sistem among didasarkan kepada falsafah dan keyakinan Tamansiswa tentang perkembangan
pengetahuan dan budi pekerti pelajar, agar mereka merdeka dalam mengenal dunianya. Selama
ini, sistem among menyumbang kerangka teoretik maupun praktik terhadap pembangunan inklusi
sosial. Namun sampai saat ini sistem among kurang diteliti karena hanya terselenggara di
sekolah swasta yang oleh masyarakat dianggap kurang bonafit. Riset ini berusaha menelaah mengapa dan bagaimana kontribusi sistem among terhadap inklusi sosial secara detail dan
mendalam. Data diperoleh melalui wawancara mendalam, observasi partisipatif, dokumentasi,
dan catatan anekdot, kemudian divalidasi melalui triangulasi. Data yang sahih dianalisis
mengikuti prosedur yang diperkenalkan Miles. Berdasarkan analisis tersebut, riset ini menyoroti
temuan penting berikut: (a) sistem among mempromosikan Gender Equality and Social Inclusion
(GESI), (b) alih-alih memprioritaskan pengetahuan akademik, sistem among memprioritaskan
pemenuhan hak anak untuk mendapat layanan pendidikan yang layak dan pengembangan budi
pekerti, dan (c) sistem among menggunakan paradigma humanisme-konstruktivisme
(menghindari pola-pola behavioristik). Secara praktis, landasan tersebut dimanifestasikan guru
dengan menjalin pertemanan dengan siswa berdasarkan norma kesopanan, menghormati kodrat
alamiah anak, dan mengawasi anak dalam menggunakan kebebasannya (baik kebebasan
berpikir, berucap, maupun bertindak). Temuan riset ini berimplikasi kepada perlunya adopsi
sistem among dalam pembelajaran IPS agar tercipta pembelajaran IPS berbasis pengalaman riil
di lingkungan sosial (kontekstual). Temuan riset ini juga berkontribusi kepada penambahan
dasar-dasar pelaksanaan Gerakan Sekolah Menyenangkan (GSM), sekolah berbasis
kebudayaan, dan sekolah yang mendidik anak berkebutuhan khusus.